Abelson, originating from both Swedish and Yiddish, and derived from the name Abel, is the surname of:
Alan Abelson (1925–2013), American journalistHal Abelson, American computer scientistHope Abelson, American artist and arts philanthropistJeremy Abelson, American EntrepreneurJohn Abelson (born 1939), American biochemistMatthew Abelson, American musicianNeva Abelson (1910–2000), American physicianPhilip Abelson (1913–2004), American nuclear physicistRick Abelson (born 1960), American urban plannerRobert P. Abelson (1928–2005), American political scientistSophie Abelson, an English stage and television actressPeter Abelsson (born 1977), Swedish football (soccer) player