Aaronson is a Jewish patronymic surname, meaning "son of Aaron". It is unknown as a given name. Aaronson or its variants may refer to:
Irving Aaronson (1895–1963), American jazz pianist
Kenny Aaronson (born 1952), American bass guitar player
Marc Aaronson (1950–1987), American astronomer
Ruth Aaronson Bari (1917–2005), American mathematician
Scott Aaronson (born 1981), American computer scientist
Stuart A. Aaronson (born 1942), American cancer biologist
Aaronsohn
Aaron Aaronsohn (1876–1919), Romanian-born Palestinian Jewish agronomist, botanist, traveler, entrepreneur, and Zionist politician
Alexander Aaronsohn (1888–1948), Romanian-born Palestinian Jewish precactivist and author who wrote about the plight of people living in Palestine (now Israel)
Sarah Aaronsohn (1890–1917), Jewish spy working for the British in World War I, sister of Aaron Aaronsohn
