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Roman Empire
A group of Franks penetrate as far as Tarragona in Spain (approximate date).
The Goths under king Cniva invade Moesia. They cross the Danube and lay siege to Novae and Marcianopolis.
Battle of Augusta Traiana. The Romans lose the battle against the Goths
Cniva lays siege to Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv). After a long resistance, Cniva conquers the city and slays its one hundred thousand inhabitants.
The Alamanni drive the Romans from the modern area of Donau-Ries.
An epidemic of smallpox begins in Ethiopia, moves into Egypt and the Roman colonies in North Africa, and spreads through the Roman Empire. Named the Plague of Cyprian after St. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage.
Africa
The Kingdom of Aksum (Axum) takes control of commerce on the Red Sea.
Asia
The Kofun Period begins in Japan.
The Kushan Empire collapses.
The earliest Chinese references to a device known as "emperor's south-pointing carriage" date to this period.
America
Teotihuacán is rebuilt as a four-quartered cosmogram by Zapotec architects brought from Monte Albán in Oaxaca.
Classic period of Mesoamerican civilization begins.
Arts and sciences
Diophantus writes Arithmetica, the first systematic treatise on algebra.
Family Group, traditionally called the Family of Vunnerius Keramus, is made. It was later placed in Brescia Cross. It is now kept at Museo Civico dell'Etá Cristiana, Brescia (approximate date).
Battle between the Romans and the Barbarians, detail of the Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus, found near Rome, is made. It is now kept at Museo Nazionale Romano (approximate date).
Igel Column is erected (approximate date).
After 250 - Temple of the Feathered Serpent, Teotihuacan, the Ciudadela, Teotihuacan, Mexico, is built. Teotihuacan culture.
Religion
Emperor Decius institutes the persecution of Christians in an attempt to restore the religion of Rome. Pope Fabian is one of the first martyrs.
Roman Empire
July 1 – In the Battle of Abritus, the Goths defeat emperor Decius and his son Herennius Etruscus on swampy ground in the Dobruja (Moesia).
In Rome, Hostilian, son of Decius, succeeds his father, while Trebonianus Gallus is proclaimed Emperor by the troops. Gallus accepts him as co-emperor, but an outbreak of plague strikes the city and kills the young Hostilian.
The prosperity of Roman Britain declines during this period as the Germanic tribes of the Franks and Saxons, whose homelands are in Friesland and the Low Countries, make raids around the southeast coast.
Gallus makes peace with the Goths, he permits them to keep their plunder, and offers them a bribe not to return.
A fifteen-year plague begins in the Roman Empire.
Persia
The Sassanid king, Shapur I, orders an invasion of the Roman East with the intent of finally capturing the jewel of Syria, Antioch (251–254).
Religion
March – Pope Cornelius succeeds Pope Fabian as the 21st pope.
Roman Empire
Battle of Barbalissos: King Shapur I defeats a Roman field army at Barbalissos in Syria (probable date, could have been in 253). The size of the Roman field army is claimed by Persian sources to have been 70,000 men strong, yet this is unlikely.
Persia
Shapur I, king of Persia, puts the revolt in Khorasan (Iran and Turkmenistan) down and rejoins with his army.
He invades Armenia and appoints Artavazd VI as the new Armenian king.
Georgia submits peacefully to Shapur I, and is made a special province in the Persian Empire.
Asia
Sun Liang succeeds Sun Quan as king of the Chinese Kingdom of Wu.
Religion
Pope Cornelius is exiled to Centumcellae by emperor Trebonianus Gallus.
Roman Empire
The legions who have campaigned against the Goths on the Danube elect Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus as new emperor. He advances on Rome along the Flaminian Way, to meet his opponent emperor Trebonianus Gallus and his son Volusianus. For the most part, generals in the border regions are proclaimed emperor by their armies to halt the invasion of Germanic tribes.
Aemilianus is proclaimed "enemy of the State" by the Roman Senate. Trebonianus Gallus is defeated at Interamna Nahars (Umbria); he flees with Volusianus to the north, but at Foligno they are killed by their own troops.
Aemilianus rules for 3 months the Roman Empire; he promises to fight in Thrace and goes to war against Persia. The Senate gives him the rank of Pontifex Maximus.
Aemilianus is murdered at Spoletium and Publius Valerianus, age 60, is recognised as new emperor by the Rhine legions. He gives his son Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus the title Augustus. Valerianus I dispatches him to the Danube where the Goths have violated the treaty signed with Rome and invaded Moesia.
Valerianus I splits the Roman Empire in two; Gallienus taking control of the West and his father ruling the East, where he faces the Persian threat.
Battle of Barbalissos: King Shapur I, defeats a Roman field army at Barbalissos in Syria (probable date, could have been in 252). The size of the Roman field army has been thought to be 70,000 men strong, yet this is unlikely.
Valerian reforms Legio III Augusta to fight the "five peoples", a dangerous coalition of Berber tribes in Africa.
Religion
Pope Cornelius is sent into exile.
June 25 – Pope Lucius I succeeds Pope Cornelius as the 22nd pope.
Lucius is arrested almost immediately following his election and also exiled.
Roman Empire
Publius Licinius Valerianus Augustus and Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus become Roman Consuls.
The Roman Empire is threatened by several peoples on their borders: the Germanic confederations, such as the Franks on the Middle Rhine, the Alemanni on the upper Rhine and Danube, and the Marcomanni facing the provinces at Noricum and Raetia. On land the confederation of Goths threaten the lower Danube provinces and on the sea they threaten the shores of Thracia, Bithynia et Pontus, and Cappadocia. In the eastern provinces, the Sassanid Persians had the previous year defeated a Roman field army at Barballisos and afterwards plundered the defenseless provinces. This was the period of time which today is called the crisis of the third century.
Religion
May 12 – Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I as the 23rd pope.
Science
Ma Jun, a Chinese mechanical engineer from Cao Wei, invents the south-pointing chariot, a path-finding directional compass vehicle that uses a differential gear, not magnetics.
Roman Empire
Goths invade Asia Minor. Dacia is lost for the Roman Empire and the Goths appear at the walls of Thessalonica.
The Franks cross the Rhine; the Alamanni reach Mediolanum (Milan). (disputed date)
In Africa, the Berbers massacre Roman colonists.
King Shapur I of the Sasanian Empire invades Mesopotamia and Syria. He conquers and plunders Antioch, destroys Dura-Europos and sacks the Anatolian city of Zeugma on the Euphrates. A devastating fire and an earthquake soon follow, causing Zeugma to be abandoned.
Cities in the Roman Empire begin to build walls as the defense of the frontiers begins to crumble; future emperor Aurelian inspectses along the Rhine.
February 28: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3035, a warrant for the arrest of a Christian, is written.
China
Peace and unity are finally restored in China with the victories of the Wei Kingdom in the north. The ruling dynasty is worn out by war, and the kingdom is ruled by ministers on their behalf.
Medicine
The great pandemic of the Roman world strikes violently in Pontus on the Black Sea and causes enormous loss of life in Alexandria, encouraging thousands to embrace Christianity.
Religion
Emperor Valerian persecutes Christians.
Pope Stephen I threatens to excommunicate Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, and other bishops in Africa and Asia Minor unless they stop rebaptizing heretics. Cyprian attacks the Pope in a treatise that gains support from the Council of Carthage. He sends envoys to Rome, raising the specter of a schism between the Roman and Carthaginian Churches.
A Synod of Carthage is held.
Roman Empire
Gallienus enters into a joint consulship with his father Valerianus I, having brought some order to the Danube area.
Future emperor Aurelian defeats the Goths and brings many prisoners back to Rome.
In Bavaria the Limes Germanicus (Upper Raetian Limes) along the river Iller is abandoned by the Romans.
Valerian, under guardianship of Ingenuus, is established at Sirmium (Pannonia) to represent the Roman government in the troubled Illyrian provinces.
Emperor Valerian recovers Antioch in Syria from the Persian king Shapur I.
The Goths build a fleet on the Black Sea.
The Goths separate into the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths.
Religion
August 30 – Pope Sixtus II succeeds Pope Stephen I as the 24th pope.
Valerian's persecution of Christians begins: his edict orders bishops and priests to sacrifice according to the pagan rituals, and prohibits Christians, under penalty of death, from meeting at the tombs of their deceased.
Roman Empire
The Goths ravage Asia Minor and Trapezus.
Gaul, Britain and Spain break off from the Roman Empire to form the Gallic Empire.
The amount of silver in the Roman currency of the denarius falls below 10%. The crisis ruins craftsmen, tradesmen and small farmers. They are forced to bartering; landowners grow larger by buying up cheap land.
Valerian II, eldest son of Gallienus dies, possibly murdered by Pannonia's governor Ingenuus; emperor Valerian bestows on another one of Gallienus's sons, Saloninus, the title of Caesar.
A second Imperial edict prohibits Christianity in the Roman Empire. This edict divides Christians into four categories: priests, who are to be put to death; senators and equestrians, who are to be stripped of their positions and their property confiscated; nuns, who are to be exiled; and imperial civil servants, who are condemned to forced labour.
Asia
Sun Xiu succeeds Sun Liang as ruler of the Chinese kingdom of Wu.
Religion
Cyprian, the bishop of Carthage, is martyred (decapitation).
Pope Sixtus II is martyred.
Education
Nanjing University is founded in Nanjing, China.
Roman Empire
Emperor Valerian leads an army (70,000 men) to relieve Edessa, besieged by the forces of king Shapur I. An outbreak of a plague kills many legionaries, weakening the Roman position in Syria.
Battle of Mediolanum: A Germanic confederation, the Alamanni (300,000 warriors), who crossed the Alps are defeated by Roman legions under Gallienus near Mediolanum (modern Milan).
Postumus revolts against Gallienus in Gaul. The western provinces of Britain and Spain join his independent realm—which is called in modern times the Gallic Empire.
Postumus, governor of Gaul, declares himself Emperor and continues to rule the Gallic Empire until 269 when he was killed by his soldiers.
The Roman fort of Wiesbaden (Germany) is captured by the Alamanni (possibly 260).
The Franks, who invaded the Roman Empire near Cologne in 257, reach Tarraco in Hispania.
Persia
Mesopotamia: Odaenathus, the ruler of the kingdom of Palmyra, sacks the city of Nehardea, destroying its great yeshiva.
Religion
Pope Dionysius is elected as the 25th pope.
Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus, better known as Maximian. Born c. 250, he would eventually become a Roman emperor.
Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius, better known as Constantius Chlorus. Born c. 250, he would eventually become a Roman emperor.
Herennius Etruscus, Roman emperor. Died in 251, killed in the Battle of Abritus. Reportedly predeceased his father Decius.
Decius, Roman emperor. Died in 251, killed in the Battle of Abritus.
Hostilian, Roman emperor. Died in 251, a casualty in the Plague of Cyprian.
Trebonianus Gallus, Roman emperor. Died in 253.
Volusianus, Roman emperor. Died in 253.
Aemilianus, Roman emperor. Died in 253.
250s Wikipedia (Text) CC BY-SA
