Ōshima, Oshima, Ooshima or Ohshima (written: 大島, 大嶋 lit. "big island") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Hiromi Oshima, model and playmate
Hiroshi Ōshima, Japanese ambassador to Nazi Germany during World War II
Joun Ōshima, noted Japanese sculptor in the Meiji/Taisho era
Mai Oshima, AKB48
Masamitsu Ōshima (1884–1965), Japanese herpetologist and ichthyologist
Michiru Oshima, Japanese composer
Nagisa Oshima, Japanese film director
Naoto Ohshima, original character designer of Sonic the Hedgehog and Dr. Robotnik
Takatō Ōshima, made the first blast furnace and western-style cannons in Japan
Towa Oshima, manga artist
Tsutomu Ohshima, martial artist, head of Shotokan Karate of America.
Yuko Oshima, AKB48